Editing

Sound Terminology.

DIEGETIC

A sound that is part of the film world and usually heard by those is it

NON-DIEGETIC

A sound which is added later during editing for effect and therefore cannot be heard by those in the film world

MUSIC

A soundtrack added during editing and the sound and tone can affect the meaning of the scene

ASYNCHRONOUS SOUND

Sound which does not appear to arise directly from the scene, such as soundtrack music or voiceover

SYNCHRONOUS SOUND

Sound which is directly matched to a moving image. The term is used in two ways in different sources:

-          Sound recorded at the same time as the images – for example, dialogue spoken by the actors on set. This does not include any sound added in post production

-          Sound which appears to the audience to come from the scene, whether or not it was actually recorded with the images. Thus includes post-synched dialogue, sound effects and foley. Also known as parallel sound

SOUND EFFECTS

Usually added to film in post-production, they may be used to build up ambience or reinforce action.

SOUND BRIDGE

Film and TV editing technique in which visual cuts are deliberately not matched with audio cuts. For example, the editor may cut to a completely new scene, but allow sound from the preceding scene to run on for a short time. Alternatively, we may hear the sound of the next scene before we see it.

VOICE OVER

A type of non-diegetic, asynchronous sound in which the audience hear a voice that does not have a source either within the frame or within hearing distance, and which is not heard by the people on screen. Voice overs allow us to see things from a particular character’s point of view

CONTRAPUNTAL SOUND

Sounds that do not easily match the images they are accompanying, or even go against them. This can have a disorientating effect upon the audience and make them question what they are seeing.

Camera angles and effects to create dramatic scenes: Volly shots

Used in movies, a zolly is where you dolly a shot in the reverse direction and same speed of a zoom, creating the illusion in such movies as Vertigo when Jimmy Stewart looks down the staircase, Jaws when Roy Sheider sees a shark out in the ocean, and even The Mask when Jim Carey first sees Cameron Diaz.
Example of a ZOLLY SHOT:

Hotel Babylon and ethnicity

Most ethnicities shown in the clip are clear. Most ethnic groups are shown to have clear interests and attitudes, being shown through the way that they react to the given situation- all reacting differently. Some are hysterical, giving the idea that the represented culture is helpless, and not as strong as others, some pray, showing that religion is a big part of their culture and ethnicity, and some take initiative to help the others, representing the ethnic group as intelligent.
Characters are constantly seen praying, speaking their own language etc. which shows that their ethnicity is an important aspect of their life. The characters are also very embracing towards other ethnic groups. One man of black origin helps out a European woman in need. A chinese woman takes care to ensure that they are not found, and is visibly distressed upon finding out that someone has been found.
One ethnicity that has a strong representation in the clip is the white group. They are seen as snobby, dominant and narrowminded towards the situation at hand. The clip gives a pretty accurate representation of white people through the clothes, body language, manner of speaking, and even the use of low angle shots to display the dominance to the audience.

The music used when introducing the white people to the scene at the very start is non-diagetic, and connotes a sense of power. It has a strong beat and gives to sense of strength and power that the character represents. The music played is also very loud, which also goes towards representing the obnoxious attitude of this ethnic group. It connotes that they a strong willed and opinionated, and unwilling to stop until they have achieved the goal.

In the scene where the cleaner is taken by immigration officers, the scene starts out with an over the shoulder shot of the white group of men. Again, this signifies the idea of power- these shots are often used to convey the idea of power, focusing in on the main character of focus/dominance. The fact that the cleaner is in the foreground at the edge of the frame, and there's a depth of field to make the immigration officers clearer connotes that they are superior.
One rather powerful shot that holds a strong representation for ethnic minority groups is that which occurs in the cafeteria scene. We are given a panning shot (as well as an arc shot) of three tables, each consisting of a different ethnic group participating in an activity stereotypical of their cultural background. The fact that such diverse ethnicities are sat almost side by side practicing their religion, or cultural activities goes against the stereotype of all foreign ethnicities only having bad intentions. They are shown to be compassionate to one another and respectful of their needs. White people, however, are shown to be more snobbish through the representation provided by one of the main characters of the scene- the detective. No consideration to the human needs and emotions.
Throughout the clip, tracking shots are used- mainly on the ethnic minorities. They are often whip pans that add to the intensity and seriousness of the scene. These shots connote that the minorities are panicked and concerned for the safety and well being of one another. This follows the stereotype that ethnic groups featured in this clip are more considerate than people of white decent, for example, that have grown in a first world country.


The clothing of all of the immigrant workers contrasts greatly towards the overall representation of ethnicity. While they are all wearing the same grotty overalls, the white ethnic group all wear suits and fancy clothing typical of a high class work place. This connotes that the white people are superior to the immigrants, who are all the same in the eyes of a stereotypical white person. It may be done to represent the way we view immigrants- all the same.
The lighting varies between scenes that heavily feature people of ethnic minorities and scenes that heavily feature white people. While scenes dominated by white people tend to be more brightly lit and using hard light to make the colours more vibrant and show the importance of this ethnic group, scenes such as those set in the basement have very dim lighting. This give the impression that the white group are of a higher class and rating- they are worthy of being seen more so than someone of an ethnic minority.
Facial expressions also play a key role in the mise-en-scene of this example between ethnic groups. Whilst the white group have either stern, or rather open, friendly features and expressions (for example, the main detective and the receptionist), ethnic minorities seemingly always have distressed and often unwelcoming features upon them. This is a rather stereotypical perception in Britain. We seem to see it that people from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds are not as 'friendly' as Brits (despite the clear stereotype that all Brits are introverted).

Representation of gender

Mise-en-scene
The man at the beginning of the scene is wearing a dirt stained shirt, in comparison to the woman's pristine image. This follows the stereotype that women care much more about their image then men do.
The fact that the woman in the beginning of this clip is the one operating the heavy machinery- the digger- whilst the man is simply wondering around and looking for things on his feet challenges the stereotype of women being more useless than men when it comes to hard labour and machines. This representation of women is evident throughout the clip- they always look and act to be more level headed and in control.
One scene near the end is set in a barn. This surrounding contrasts with the look that the woman presents- she wears fine clothes, as is stereotypical of a woman. However, the fact that despite her appearance she is placing herself in such a circumstance presents women as fearless, and willing to get dirty in order to get the work done.
This clip is primarily set in a forest, and an archaeologist work space. This challenges the stereotype of women not getting involved with the hard labour part of the work load. They tend to be more associated with paper and office work, while men are thought to go out and do the hard work. This idea shows women to be just as capable as men when it comes to working.

Camera work 
During the scenes wherein the man is being attacked by the saber tooth tiger, a lot of whip pan shots are used. These shots put us in the perspective of someone who is actually there- following the action with desperation. They show the man to be fearful and constantly on alert of the danger surrounding him. It represents that men are alert to their circumstances when they are put in danger.
A steadicam is used throughout the shots, meaning that the viewer can keep track of the character's movements without losing good visual elements that you would lose using a handheld. It gives a sense of level-headedness in an otherwise action packed scene. The fact that the steadicam almost represents the woman's perspective of the events follows the stereotype that women are much more level-headed, and think their plans through, unlike the man who is represented through the whip-pans.
In the barn, a high angle shot is used when the woman is lying on the floor with the man above her. This presents the stereotype that men are more dominant than women, and hold power over them. It also complies to the stereotype that in society, women are much more vulnerable than men.

Representation of disability

It's clear in this clip who is able and who is disabled. The camera focuses on the man with the disability and shows him less more inferior to more able bodied people. Disabled people are represented as being pathetic and weak in comparison to those around them. The power imbalance is clear in the clip. The more able bodied characters seem strong and capable of succeeding in daily life, and appear to have dominance of putting down the disabled characters and controlling their storyline.
1. The character in this clip fits several of Hunt's stereotypes. The character is seen as pitiful to others, and as the object of violence, seeing as he lashes out towards the end. There's hesitancy towards people with disability- we tread carefully around them through fear of offence. He is in some ways his own worst enemy, as the self loathing is clear throughout. Also, in some ways he is unable to participate in daily life, considering he can't get his job back, or interact without striking fear.
2. The camera was constantly focused in on the right hand side of his face showing off the disability to the audience, making it even more evident that this is the focal point of the character's storyline. When he's in the crowds half way through the clip, the camera takes up multiple different angles with a handheld camera. This puts us in the perspective of the able bodied community, making us see our regular point of view in this situation in society. We're constantly staring and judging the disabled in the streets, and this technique used by the camera crew points out the evident view we hold in modern day society- the disabled, as Hunt points out, are the object of curiosity. In the final scene the lighting is dark, creating a sombre, sinister atmosphere for the scene. This complies with Hunt's stereotype of disabled people being sinister and evil.
3. When the handheld camera is used when the character is in the crowd, it gives a sense of isolation of the character. Everyone around him is staring , making the audience pity him and feel sympathy for him. It holds a strong representation of disability in wider media and society that the general public have a view of less equality towards those with a disability.

Camera dollies

A camera dolly is a piece of equipment which ensures smooth camera movements. They can be used for shots such as tracking shots, as opposed to handhelds (which would leave the final product shaky)

Tracking in

The camera follows the character (usually using a tracking dolly), moving towards the character.